Is a super nova explosion destroyer or a creator? lets find it

Today our topic is Supernova. Stars with a mass eight times that of our Sun, are rare; they can make it in less than one-tenth of 1 percent of all stars are in the universe. But, this is great giants will have a major influence on the formation of stars around them, and in the production of the elements that are necessary for the creation of rocky planets, and even life. But the stars shall die, and if they do, they won't go away neatly for the night. Instead, they return with a renewed vigor. Let's talk about how the most massive stars in the galaxy, to develop and to die for. 

Source: ESO/M. Kornmesser / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Massive stars and their life is to do what the stars do it: they are burning hydrogen into helium in their cores, and the production of energy along the way. It is this energy that makes sure that the stars will fall of its own accord. Massive stars start off with a lot more fuel than our Sun, but the extra weight of an additional force of gravity, so their cores to shrink it even more. This allows the star to burn its fuel, hotter and faster. This means that the larger a star is, the brighter it will be. For example, the mass of Sirius is two times that of our Sun, but it is 23 times brighter than our sun. 

 Sirius 
Source: Hubble European Space Agency Credit: Akira Fujii / Public domain

PI Andromeda
Source: David Ritter / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

PI Andromeda is 6.5 times the mass of our Sun, but it is 800 times stronger and brighter.

 

And in order mu Columbae, is up to 16 times the mass of our Sun, but at the same time, 47,500 times brighter! However, as soon as the core runs out of hydrogen fuel, and all that remains is inert helium. The internal fusion, supporting the core, it contracts and heats up, the hydrogen surrounding the core is pushed up against it, until it starts to melt-in to the shell. The outer layers of the star expand and cool in response, as well as the star evolves away from the main sequence. This is similar to how the Sun will expand into a red giant, but because it's located in the nucleus and produces a lot of energy to the outer layers of his soon to be extended to nearly the size of Jupiter to the orbit. The star turned into a red supergiant. Betelgeuse, in the constellation Orion, is a red supergiant star. It is more than 600 light-years away, but it's so great that we will be able to see an area with the best of our viewers. It is not, Betelgeuse's light spread out across the frame, it's the actual size of the star. And it is a race. The interior is in an unstable state, and the outer atmosphere is so stretched out that it turns into a long period of time-to-pulse around the star to the surface. These fluctuations produce powerful stellar winds that Betelgeuse waste, and the mass of the Sun, in the 10,000-year period. What's interesting is that the overall luminosity of the star has remained largely unchanged. This is because of the brightness of a star is determined by the square of the radius, and the surface temperature to the fourth power. This is important because the temperature of the surface of the star, which is much lower than it was when it was first in the sequence, but for its sheer size, in fact, to compensate for the loss of the temperature of the surface, so for the sake of clarity, not really that much of a change. In the meantime, in the contracting state in the core, the temperature rises rapidly, up to 170 million degrees Kelvin, and this is quite enough for the helium to begin the fusion and turned into carbon and some oxygen.

In the case of the sun, you can see how the Sun will eventually die and it turned out to be such a low-mass stars would not be able to ignite their helium nuclei, until it is reduced to such a dense state of matter that is, the electrons will deteriorate. But the stars are high, and core masses, the higher the temperature, so they are the light of the fusion of helium, and that's still normal, the very hot gas. At the core expands and cools down. With less energy input, and the rest of the star contracts and heats up at response. The star is a blue supergiant star is, in fact, Rigel, in the constellation  Orion, is a blue supergiant star. In spite of the fact that the 860 light-years away, is one of the brightest stars in the entire sky, shining on at least 120 000 times the energy of the Sun.

Rigel
Source: Haktarfone at English Wikipedia / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)

Coming soon-the helium runs out of fuel, and all that is left is a core of carbon fiber material. Our own Sun is also a carbon core, but it is at this point that the stars are similar to our own Sun is starting to come out. And, that's because it can't enough heat up to fuse carbon into heavier elements. However, in a massive star, the situation is completely different. It is a heavy weight to that of the surrounding layers of rapid increase in the core temperature of up to 600 million Kelvins, causing it to begin to melt, oxygen, magnesium, and neon. This is a cycle of compression, heating, and a merger, it is repeated several times, with the creation of heavier nuclei in each phase. But each one a heavier nucleus, it requires ever-higher temperatures possible. Carbon, melt-in-neon-600 million Kelvin. The Neon sign is converted to oxygen, at a temperature of from about half-a-billion degrees kelvin. After a two-billion-K), the oxygen is transferred to the silicon, and after a three-and-a-half billion worth of iron (fe). The star of back-and-forth between the blue and red phases of a supergiant star when it runs out of fuel and fire in the other. In the end, the core looks like a giant bow, with an indifferent and iron in the heart, and is surrounded by a silicone-burning shell, which, in turn, is surrounded by oxygen, and the combustion of the shell, neon helium and hydrogen shells, not only does each stage burn their nuclear fuel is hot, but it will also have to burn more quickly than in the past. This is because, as the nuclei become heavier and heavier, and the amount of energy released in each reaction. This means that these steps will need to burn their fuel much more quickly than the previous one, in order to produce enough energy to support the star.

For example, if a star has a mass of 25 solar masses runs out of hydrogen in about seven million years. The Helium burning for around 700,000 years. Carbon to burn, it takes only about a one-hundred-and-sixty-one years. Neon has been running for about a year. Oxygen will burn for about 6 months, and the whole of the supply of silicon, it will be merged into the iron-believe it or not, in a single day. When the core is iron, the star is doomed. Do not forget that each and every element created so far, has been produced with less energy than the previous one. By the time they reached the iron, it has stopped the production of energy at all. On the last day of the star, the life, the star is not hot enough to melt the iron, because iron cannot be fused. First of all, at its core, it reduces by a small amount of money, and the electrons are rapidly degenerate. At the core, it is, in fact, there is an iron, white dwarf, the shell will reaches1.4 solar masses.

white dwarf

Source: European Southern Observatory / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)

And this is not good. The density of a white dwarf is 400 billion times greater than that of water. It's so dense and that of the gamma-photons to destroy the iron cores, and put them in a soup, or on the free protons and electrons.

 

The power to support itself, and the heart together. In less than 1 / 10th of a second, which is the squeeze from the size of Mars to  the size of New York city. In the fall, the protons and electrons of the atoms are squeezed together to form neutrons and neutrinos. Neutrinos leave the nucleus, taking the energy with them, and the acceleration of the fall. Neutrons can be compressed so much that they have to be a super-powerful neutron degeneracy pressure and the collapsing core is going to be a crashing halt within just a few miles away. Unfortunately, the rest of the stars and don't know it. The neighboring layers are just showing their feet for them, and within just a few milliseconds, of up to 250 000 land-based solar particles to touch the core in 15% of the speed of light. A strong shock wave is reflected at the core. Only one second to the stars and released the more gravitational energy than all of the atomic energy in his entire life. However, this power has to go somewhere. The greatest of these is given in the form of neutrinos from 10 to 58 of the neutrino's. Neutrinos are so small that 99.7% of them from the star to the speed of light, and the remaining 0.3% of the neutrino's the deal with the thick material, as in a shock wave. This may not seem like much, but to 0.3%, from (10) to (58 neutrinos and, therefore, is 3 times 10 to 55 of neutrinos! It takes a great deal of matter bumping into a shock wave. The side discharge, and tear the star apart in a 10% the speed of light, the rays of the star in a supernova. A star that is 100 billion times brighter than the Sun. It's almost as bright as all the stars in a galaxy combined!

 

About one-tenth of a solar mass of a neutron breaks down on the surface of the core. These neutrons collide with the other heavier nuclei came from the stars. These cores can then break down to form heavier elements, including the elements that are greater than that of iron. In fact, all of the elements heavier than iron, including zinc, copper, silver, gold, and even uranium, which is created after the neutron fusion in maelstrom of a supernova. The radioactive elements are created during an explosion in decline after a period of time, releasing more energy in the process. This makes for a supernova to stay clear for a few months now. The exploding gases to expand, with the abandonment of the bare nucleus. The core is a rapidly rotating ball of degenerate neutrons and called a neutron star. These objects have to be at least 1.3 times the mass of our Sun, but only about 10 to 12 miles) in diameter. This allows them to be surprisingly thick and a hundred billion, a trillion grams-per-cubic-centimeter! And not only that, but they have to run at least 10 times per-second, when they do occur. This creates a super-strong magnetic fields that are at least a billion times greater than that of the Earth. This is in strong magnetic fields of work, particle accelerators, and the generation of strong radiation along the magnetic poles. When these rays are due to our line of sight, we find that the repetition of the radio pulses, which is the reason why it is called the rotating magnetized pulsars stars. Running or not, all of the surface of a neutron star is very hot, about 1 million Kelvin. This is hot enough to ionize the surrounding gases to about 25, 000 years of age. The most famous supernova remnant is the crab nebula, in the constellation taurus. 

Crab Nebula in the constellation Taurus. 
Source:ESO / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

It came in 1054, when the result of a supernova explosion, which is so gentle that it could be seen in one day. In the center, is a Crab-pulsar, which rotates at a speed of 30 times per second. The magnetic field is stronger than that of the gas in the environment, such as an eggbeater. Stars with masses between 8 and 40 solar masses, it will eventually produce neutron stars in supernova explosions. However, if a star begins its life with a mass greater than 40 solar masses, it will produce an explosion, in which the kinetic energy is at least 10 times greater kinetic energy of a normal supernova. These flares have been so intense that sometimes we are what they called " hypernovae." 

Hypernova
Source:NASA/GSFC/Dana Berry / Public domain

Black hole

The core of the very massive stars, at least three times the mass of our sun. This is too much for the pressure of the neutron itself to be the complete and total collapse into oblivion. The core will fall until it reaches mathematic volume of which is equal to zero. The core has now turned into a black hole. When a black hole forms, a falling star, to the case of rapid acts on it. This creates a powerful, coming out of the black hole's axis of rotation, and these fluxes to erupt in a powerful gamma-ray bursts. 

Gamma ray bursts
Source: NASA/GSFC / Public domain

These explosions were the brightest, and most powerful in the whole universe; they are, quite literally, the biggest explosion since the Big one. This is a gamma-ray burst, hypernova or even supernova, vast amount of material is thrown out into interstellar space. This is a gas that contains heavy metals, and when it hits a nearby cloud, and the rock of the falling cloud. Then, suddenly, the hundreds of stars to be able to show in a single stroke. In the future, tens of millions of years, the dead star, the material rearranges itself to become new stars, and in the rocky mountain and the planets that surround them. And in at least one of the rocky planets, some parts of the death of stellar matter as it has restructured itself to become alive. The iron in our blood, the calcium in our bones,... almost everything that makes up you and me has been established as a result of a supernova explosion. We would like to thank supernova to create elements for our existence. but that doesn't mean we want to be somewhere in the neighborhood of one of super giant stars, and when they explode.

 

The supernova is located 50 light-years away and wiped out all life on the planet. Even with a distance of 100 light-years, it will dramatically increase the global temperature and solar radiation. In fact, a supernova that blew up of 150 light-years away, is likely to be responsible for the mass extinction that has occurred to 2.6 million years ago. Fortunately, as massive stars are very rare. In fact, the nearest star, can be a star is Spica in the constellation Virgo. It is located about 250 light-years away, and it hasn't even started development yet, so we're safe... at least not yet.

that's it, thank you